Efectos de la práctica de mindfulness en el cuidado y bienestar de sus practicantes. Un aporte etnográfico durante la sindemia del SARS-COV-2 / Efeitos da prática do mindfulness no cuidado e bem-estar de seus praticantes.Uma contribuição etnográfica durante a sindemia SARS-COV-2 / Effects of the practice of mindfulness in the care and well-being of its practitioners. An ethnographic contribution during the SARS-COV-2 syndemy

In this article we approach health and care from a holistic approach. The SARS-Cov-2syndemic, in addition to the effects on the health of many people, opened up a scenario of complexity, fears and uncertainties that prompted many to seek ways of self-care that could help them andallow them to cope. In this context, mindfulness, by integrating physical, mental, emotional andsocial aspects, offers a holistic way of taking care of oneself and improving the quality of life. In thisresearch we expose the experience of a mindfulness group through an ethnographic fieldwork tolearn how it has affected the care and well-being of its practitioners in a syndemic context. (AU)

En este artículo abordamos la salud y el cuidado desde un enfoque holístico. La sindemiadel SARS- Cov-2, además de los efectos sobre la salud de muchas personas, abrió un escenario decomplejidad, miedos e incertidumbres que impulsó a muchos a buscar formas de autocuidado quepudieran ayudarlos y permitirles afrontarlo. En este contexto el mindfulness, al integrar aspectosfísicos, mentales, emocionales y sociales, ofrece una forma holística de cuidarse y de mejorar de lacalidad de vida. En esta investigación exponemos la experiencia de un grupo de mindfulness a través de un trabajo de campo etnográfico para conocer cómo ha afectado al cuidado y bienestar desus practicantes en un contexto de sindemia. (AU)

Neste artigo abordamos a saúde e o cuidado a partir de uma abordagem holística. A sindemia do SARS-Cov-2, além dos efeitos na saúde de muitas pessoas, abriu um cenário de complexidade, medos e incertezas que levaram muitos a buscar formas de autocuidado que pudessemajudá-los e permitir o enfrentamento. Nesse contexto, o mindfulness, ao integrar aspectos físicos,mentais, emocionais e sociais, oferece uma forma holística de cuidar de si e melhorar a qualidadede vida. Nesta pesquisa, expomos a experiência de um grupo de mindfulness por meio de um trabalho de campo etnográfico para saber como isso afetou o cuidado e o bem-estar de seus praticantes em contexto sindêmico. (AU)

Indigenous model of care to health and social care workforce planning.

Indigenous people have always had the end in mind-a long range vision for the health and wellbeing of their families and communities. Creating Indigenous solutions-oriented approaches to strategic health and social care workforce planning is an essential component to the realization of self-determination and empowerment, accessible health services, community participation, and flexible approaches to care. This article suggests using an Indigenous "models of care" population health approach to health and social care workforce planning that takes a critical thinking, systems thinking, and design thinking approach using digital tools (eg, scenario planning and population health simulation). It also proposes to increase the number of Indigenous professionals through Indigenous partnership initiatives with professional groups and academic institutions. This article is written to encourage discussion on the use of a whole system approach to developing Indigenous models of health delivery and to inform strategic services and workforce planning.

Austerity and its implications for immigrant health in France.

The ongoing economic crisis in France increasingly has affected immigrant rights, including access to health care. Consistent with a 2014 League Against Cancer survey, we identify the ways in which sickness produces a "double penalty" for immigrants with serious illness. Immigrants with chronic illnesses such as cancer, diabetes, and other debilitating conditions divert vital funds from daily needs to deal with sickness and loss of work while at the same time national austerity measures shred the state's traditional safety net of social services and support. We examine how immigrants strategize to manage financial exigencies, therapeutic itineraries and social relations in the face of these converging pressures. We base our findings on two studies related by this theme: an investigation of health inequalities in the Médoc region, in which 88 women, 44 of North African and Eastern European origin, were interviewed over a three-year period (2010-2013); and a three-year study (2014-2017) of West African immigrant women with breast cancer seeking treatment in the greater Paris region, 70 members of immigrant associations, and clinical personnel in three hospitals.

"Even my sister says I'm acting like a crazy to get a check": Race, gender, and moral boundary-work in women's claims of disabling chronic pain.

Recent research examines how women claim chronic pain in response to gendered moral discourses. However, extant research does not explore how race shapes the moral boundary-work performed by women suffering from disabling chronic pain. Through the qualitative analysis of twenty-four semi-structured interviews with women fibromyalgia sufferers conducted between October 2014 and August 2016 in the U.S.A., I demonstrate how women with fibromyalgia claim chronic pain by doing moral boundary-work, referencing gendered and racialized moral discourses that structure how claims of chronic pain as disability are and are not read as legitimate by doctors, disability bureaucrats and personal networks. Extending Hansen et al.'s work on stigma and the "pathologization of poverty," I suggest that, per my sample, the different moral discourses deployed in white and Black women's claims of chronic pain can be explained by the racialized and gendered boundaries of citizenship that structure U.S. welfare and disability politics. Finally, I argue for intersectionality's relevance to research on moral boundary-work and the medicalization of poverty.

The Relationship Between Mental Representations of Welfare Recipients and Attitudes Toward Welfare.

Scholars have argued that opposition to welfare is, in part, driven by stereotypes of African Americans. This argument assumes that when individuals think about welfare, they spontaneously think about Black recipients. We investigated people's mental representations of welfare recipients. In Studies 1 and 2, we used a perceptual task to visually estimate participants' mental representations of welfare recipients. Compared with the average non-welfare-recipient image, the average welfare-recipient image was perceived (by a separate sample) as more African American and more representative of stereotypes associated with welfare recipients and African Americans. In Study 3, participants were asked to determine whether they supported giving welfare benefits to the people pictured in the average welfare-recipient and non-welfare-recipient images generated in Study 2. Participants were less supportive of giving welfare benefits to the person shown in the welfare-recipient image than to the person shown in the non-welfare-recipient image. The results suggest that mental images of welfare recipients may bias attitudes toward welfare policies.

Childhood socio-economic status and ethnic disparities in psychosocial outcomes in New Zealand.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the extent to which childhood socio-economic status (SES) could account for differences in adult psychosocial outcomes between Maori and non-Maori individuals in a birth cohort of more than 1000 individuals studied to age 30. METHODS: Data were gathered on three measures of childhood SES (family SES, family living standards, family income) and adult psychosocial outcomes including mental health, substance use, criminal offending, and education/welfare dependence outcomes, as part of a longitudinal study of a New Zealand birth cohort (the Christchurch Health and Development Study). RESULTS: Those reporting Maori ethnicity had significantly (p < 0.0001) poorer scores on the three measures of childhood SES, with estimates of Cohen's d indicating a moderate effect size. Maori cohort members also had significantly (p < 0.05) greater rates of adverse psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. Controlling for childhood SES reduced the magnitude of the ethnic differences in psychosocial outcomes, but did not fully explain the differences between Maori and non-Maori. Adjustment for childhood SES had the strongest effect on education/welfare dependence, but weaker effects on mental health, substance use, and criminal offending. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in SES among Maori in New Zealand may, to some extent, ameliorate the long standing disparities in psychosocial well-being between Maori and non-Maori. However, efforts to improve Maori well-being will require an approach that moves beyond a sole focus on rectifying socio-economic disadvantage.

Health and social care needs of Somali refugees with visual impairment (VIP) living in the United Kingdom: a focused ethnography with Somali people with VIP, their caregivers, service providers, and members of the Horn of Africa Blind Society.

PURPOSE: To explore the health and social care needs of Somali refugees with visual impairment (VIP). DESIGN: We conducted a three-phased focused ethnography in collaboration with the Horn of Africa Blind Society (HABS) through all stages from research design to findings dissemination. METHOD: Engaging in participatory research, HABS members (n = 26), service providers (n = 10), and two Somali community groups (n = 8 and n = 7) whose members were sighted (Phase 1) took part in four focus group interviews. Phases 2 and 3 consisted of interviews with Somali refugees with VIP (n = 32) and their informal carers (n = 5). We used framework data analysis methodology. FINDINGS: Four major themes emerged: (1) sociocultural perceptions of blindness and visual impairment, (2) access to services, (3) isolation and insecurity, and (4) mobility. CONCLUSION: Somali people with VIP experience profound unmet social and health care needs related largely to social support, awareness of mobility options, and the stigmatization of visual impairment. Appropriate community outreach may improve access to services and quality of life for Somali people with VIP. Tailored information is needed to increase awareness of mobility and security services. Significant considerations exist when planning discharge from acute care settings to ensure continuity of support.

Substance abuse and mental health issues within Native American grandparenting families.

Substance abuse and mental health problems among Native Americans are associated with a variety of general health, social, and economic problems. This current study examined Native American grandparents who are raising their grandchildren and found that a child, parent, or grandparent had an alcohol or drug problem in 36% of families. Substance abuse on the part of a parent was correlated with the reasons grandparents were raising their grandchildren. Native American grandparents raising grandchildren cope with a variety of challenges and receive little state-funded assistance or help from others.

A cross-sectional survey of health risk behaviour clusters among a sample of socially disadvantaged Australian welfare recipients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and clustering of six health risk behaviours (smoking, alcohol, inadequate sun protection, physical inactivity, and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption) among severely disadvantaged individuals. METHODS: A cross-sectional touch screen computer survey was conducted with 383 clients attending a social and community welfare organisation in New South Wales. Participants were assessed on smoking status, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, sun protection and socio-demographic characteristics. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis and logistic regression were used to assess the prevalence, clustering and socio-demographic predictors of health risk behaviours. RESULTS: Ninety-eight per cent of the participants reported inadequate vegetable consumption, 62.7% reported inadequate fruit consumption, 82.5% reported inadequate sun protection, 61.7% smoked tobacco, 51.4% consumed alcohol at risky levels and 36.5% were insufficiently active. Most participants (87%) reported three or more risk behaviours. Male participants, younger participants and those with lower education were more likely to smoke tobacco and consume alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of health risk behaviours among a sample of typically hard-to-reach, severely disadvantaged individuals is extremely high. IMPLICATIONS: Future intervention development should take into account the likelihood of health risk clustering among severely disadvantaged groups.

The influence of paid work, race-ethnicity, and immigrant status on health care coverage after welfare reform in Hennepin County, Minnesota.

A random sample of 84 past and present Temporary Assistance to Needy Families recipients in Hennepin County, Minnesota, were interviewed regarding their health care coverage and corresponding work histories over a 42-month period. Diverse racial-ethnic and immigrant groups of color were oversampled. A life history calendar technique and supplementary interview questions were utilized. The researchers found an inverse relationship between amount of paid work and health care coverage. Different racial-ethnic and immigrant groups had different patterns of health care coverage that were not explained sufficiently by amount of paid work. The authors posit that a lack of a publicly known linkage between paid work and Medicaid resulted in uninsurance for low-income workers and call for further research to explain different insurance patterns among racial-ethnic groups.

Puerto Rican elders' knowledge and use of community-based long-term care services.

We conducted 3 focus groups with 28 Spanish-speaking Puerto Rican elders to explore their knowledge and use of community-based long-term care services, including an exploration of whether their residential setting influences access to services. Analysis revealed themes relating to participants' difficulties and frustrations with formal services. A major theme was a reliance on formal services, given a lack of reliable familial help. Elders living in Latino senior housing reported the greatest access to services, with availability of Spanish-speaking housing staff and informal support from neighbors serving as critical components of their social networks. Practice and policy recommendations are provided.

"The law has no feeling for poor folks like us!" Everyday responses to legal compulsion in England's working-class communities, 1871-1904.

During the late Victorian period, the role of the state increased dramatically in England's working-class urban communities. New laws on labor, health, and education, enforced by a growing bureaucracy of elected and appointed officials, extended the reach of public authority into daily life on an unprecedented scale. Everyday negotiations between these officials and working-class men and women, I argue, were key moments for determining the practical impact of new social welfare policies. This was particularly true in the contestation over children's compulsory school attendance, as I demonstrate through a close examination of the daily encounters between parents and education officials. Despite the growing size and authority of the Victorian state, working-class parents effectively mitigated the impact of the compulsory education laws on their families. They were able to do so because the categories that governed the level of enforcement­age, household economic status, health, and labor­were themselves determined through daily dialogues between parents and education officials. Parents' familiarity with the law and with the dynamics of the public education bureaucracy were key factors in these negotiations, as were internal fractures within the Victorian state itself. Working-class parents, and mothers in particular, also countered officials' moral policy justifications with their own discourse of right and wrong, which focused on the legitimacy of parental authority, an insistence on just treatment, and the elevation of household needs over the laws' requirements.

Estimating preferences for local public services using migration data.

Using Swedish micro data, the paper examines the impact of local public services on community choice. The choice of community is modelled as a choice between a discrete set of alternatives. It is found that, given taxes, high spending on child care attracts migrants. Less conclusive results are obtained with respect to the role of spending on education and elderly care. High local taxes deter migrants. Relaxing the independence of the irrelevant alternatives assumption, by estimating a mixed logit model, has a significant impact on the results.

Social welfare as small-scale help: evolutionary psychology and the deservingness heuristic.

Public opinion concerning social welfare is largely driven by perceptions of recipient deservingness. Extant research has argued that this heuristic is learned from a variety of cultural, institutional, and ideological sources. The present article provides evidence supporting a different view: that the deservingness heuristic is rooted in psychological categories that evolved over the course of human evolution to regulate small-scale exchanges of help. To test predictions made on the basis of this view, a method designed to measure social categorization is embedded in nationally representative surveys conducted in different countries. Across the national- and individual-level differences that extant research has used to explain the heuristic, people categorize welfare recipients on the basis of whether they are lazy or unlucky. This mode of categorization furthermore induces people to think about large-scale welfare politics as its presumed ancestral equivalent: small-scale help giving. The general implications for research on heuristics are discussed.

Welfare policymaking and intersections of race, ethnicity, and gender in U.S. state legislatures.

Welfare policy in the American states has been shaped profoundly by race, ethnicity, and representation. Does gender matter as well? Focusing on state welfare reform in the mid-1990s, we test hypotheses derived from two alternative approaches to incorporating gender into the study of representation and welfare policymaking. An additive approach, which assumes gender and race/ethnicity are distinct and independent, suggests that female state legislators­regardless of race/ethnicity­will mitigate the more restrictive and punitive aspects of welfare reform, much like their African American and Latino counterparts do. In contrast, an intersectional approach, which highlights the overlapping and interdependent nature of gender and race/ethnicity, suggests that legislative women of color will have the strongest countervailing effect on state welfare reform­stronger than that of other women or men of color. Our empirical analyses suggest an intersectional approach yields a more accurate understanding of gender, race/ethnicity, and welfare politics in the states.

Belonging and community: understandings of "home" and "friends" among the English poor, 1750-1850.

This article is based on unique 'narratives of the poor', that is, letters from poor people to their parishes of settlement, petitions to the London Refuge of the Destitute, and letters from mothers to the London Foundling Hospital, with supportive evidence from newspapers. These display fundamental concepts among the English poor, who were often poorly literate, and who comprised the majority of the population. Discussion focuses upon their understandings of 'home', 'belonging', 'friends', and 'community'. These key concepts are related here to modern discussions, to set important concerns into historical perspective. 'Friends', valuably studied by sociologists such as Pahl, had a wide meaning in the past. 'Home' meant (alongside abode) one's parish of legal settlement, where one was entitled to poor relief under the settlement/poor laws. This was where one 'belonged'. Ideas of 'community' were held and displayed even at a distance, among frequently migrant poor, who wrote to their parishes showing strong ties of attachment, right, and local obligation. This discussion explores these issues in connection with belonging and identity. It elucidates the meaning and working of poor law settlement, and is also an exploration of popular mentalities and the semi-literate ways in which these were expressed.

Guilds and middle-class welfare, 1550­1800: provisions for burial, sickness, old age, and widowhood.

Guilds provided for masters' and journeymen's burial, sickness, old age, and widowhood. Guild welfare was of importance to artisans, to the functioning of guilds, to the myriad of urban social relations, and to the political economy. However, it is an understated and neglected aspect of guild activities. This article looks at welfare provision by guilds, with the aim of addressing four questions. Firstly, for which risks did guild welfare arrangements exist in the Netherlands between 1550 and 1800, and what were the coverage, contributions, benefit levels, and conditions? Secondly, can guild welfare arrangements be regarded as insurance? Thirdly, to what extent and how did guilds overcome classic insurance problems such as adverse selection, moral hazards, and correlated risks? Finally, what was the position of guild provision in the Dutch political economy and vis-à-vis poor relief?

[Haitian women living with HIV/AIDS in Guadeloupe: pregnancy between medical stakes, social benefits and administrative vulnerability. A qualitative study]. / Les femmes Haïtiennes vivant avec le VIH en Guadeloupe: la grossesse entre enjeux mérablité administrative. Une étude qualitative.

Guadeloupe (French West Indies) is a part of French departments which has the large number of persons living with HIV/AIDS. A large part of them consists of foreign women, mainly native of Haiti. This article is based on an anthropological study conducted in 2009 among professionals of health, social and associative sectors taking care of persons living with HIV in Guadeloupe, and among 10 infected women, 6 of them are native of Haiti. Semi-directive and individual qualitative interviews were conducted with each of these persons. During their course of illness and migration, many women experienced one or several pregnancies. The analysis of their discourses and trajectories underlines the articulation of the multiple stakes − medical, social, political, emotional stakes − with which they are confronted.

Associations of participation in service activities with academic, behavioral, and civic outcomes of adolescents at varying risk levels.

Youth who participate in service activities differ from those who do not on a number of key demographic characteristics like socio-economic status and other indicators of risk; and most studies demonstrating positive outcomes among service participants employ small non-representative samples. Thus, there is little evidence as to whether the outcomes associated with service participation are similar among students with varying levels of risk. The National Household Education Survey of 1999, a large nationally representative cross-sectional data set that focused on community service, was analyzed to investigate associations between the risk status of 4,306 adolescent students (50.2% female; 63.3% European American, M age = 15.9), their participation in community service, and their academic adjustment, behavioral problems, and civic knowledge. Because adolescents who participate in service differ from those who do not with respect to demographic characteristics, propensity score analyses were used to correct for potential selection bias in the examination of these relationships. Analyses tested competing theoretical models of service-protective versus compensatory-among students at varying levels of risk, and suggested that service acts as a compensatory factor with respect to academic, behavioral, and civic outcomes. Propensity score analyses revealed patterns suggesting that, in some cases, students with certain demographic profiles that are themselves related to the likelihood of service participation may benefit from service participation more than others. Findings are discussed in terms of their significance for adolescent development, for planning service programs, and for educational policy.